PUBLISHED REFERENCES · 20 CITATIONS
Published references: the GHK-Cu peer-reviewed literature cited across this site.
20 primary citations. Sortable by year and model type. Every claim on this site maps to one of these records.
Citation Index
The following citations support all quantitative claims and findings across this site. Each citation is numbered as it appears inline ([1], [2], …). Model type is indicated for each: in vitro (cell culture), rodent (animal model), human topical (clinical), or review/systematic.
| # | Citation | Year | Model | DOI / Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Maquart FX, Pickart L, Laurent M, Gillery P, Monboisse JC, Borel JP. Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+. FEBS Letters. 1988;238(2):343-346. | 1988 | in vitro | PMID 3169264 ↗ |
| 2 | Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018;19(7):1987. | 2018 | in vitro / gene array | PMC6073405 ↗ |
| 3 | Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. IJMS. 2018. [Rodent collagen dressing and colon cancer cell line data cited from same publication.] | 2018 | rodent / in vitro | PMC6073405 ↗ |
| 4 | Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. | 2015 | in vitro | PMC4508379 ↗ |
| 5 | Wang X, Liu B, Xu Q, Sun H, Shi M, Wang D, Guo M, Yu J, Zhao C, Feng B. GHK-Cu-liposomes accelerate scald wound healing in mice by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2017;25(2):270-278. | 2017 | rodent / in vitro | PMID 28370978 ↗ |
| 6 | Park J, Lee H, Kim SI, Yang SR. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Oncotarget. 2016;7(36):58405-58417. | 2016 | rodent | PMC5295439 ↗ |
| 7 | Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline. Brain Sciences. 2017;7(2):20. | 2017 | in vitro / gene array | PMC5332963 ↗ |
| 8 | Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Human Tripeptide GHK-Cu in Prevention of Oxidative Stress and Degenerative Conditions of Aging: Implications for Cognitive Health. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2012;2012:324832. | 2012 | in vitro / in silico | PMC3359723 ↗ |
| 9 | Zhang Q, Yan L, Lu J, Zhou X. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ attenuates cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary emphysema and inflammation by reducing oxidative stress pathway. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2022;9:925700. | 2022 | rodent / in vitro | PMC9354777 ↗ |
| 10 | Lee S, Lee SM, Lee SH, et al. In situ photo-crosslinkable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel embedded with GHK peptide nanofibers for bioactive wound healing. Acta Biomaterialia. 2023;172:159-174. | 2023 | in vitro / rodent | PMID 37832839 ↗ |
| 11 | Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Pickart FD, Majnarich J. GHK, the Human Skin Remodeling Peptide, Induces Anti-Cancer Expression of Numerous Caspase, Growth Regulatory, and DNA Repair Genes. Journal of Analytical Oncology. 2014;3(2):79-87. | 2014 | in vitro / rodent | Full text ↗ |
| 12 | Pickart L, Margolina A. Modulation of Gene Expression in Human Breast Cancer MCF7 and Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells by the Human Copper-Binding Peptide GHK-Cu. OBM Genetics. 2021;5(2). | 2021 | in vitro | Full text ↗ |
| 13 | Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. BioMed Research International. 2015;2015:648108. [71-woman 12-week clinical outcome data cited from same publication.] | 2015 | human topical | PMC4508379 ↗ |
| 14 | Mortazavi SM, Mohammadi Vadoud SA, Moghimi HR. Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective. BioImpacts. 2024. | 2024 | review | PMID 39963574 ↗ |
| 15 | Miller TR, Wagner JD, Baack BR, Eisbach KJ. Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery. 2006;8(4):252-259. | 2006 | human topical RCT | PMID 16847171 ↗ |
| 16 | Mao S, Huang J, Li J, Sun F, Zhang Q, Cheng Q, Zeng W, Lei D, Wang S, Yao J. Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2025. | 2025 | rodent | PMID 40672369 ↗ |
| 17 | He Q, Mazzola J, Ladiges W. The naturally occurring peptide GHK reverses age-related fibrosis by modulating myofibroblast function. Aging Pathobiology and Therapeutics. 2024;6(4):186-190. | 2024 | in vitro (aged mouse cells) | PMC12352503 ↗ |
| 18 | Dou Y, Lee A, Zhu L, Morton J, Ladiges W. The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide. Aging Pathobiology and Therapeutics. 2020;2(1):58-61. | 2020 | review | PMID 35083444 ↗ |
| 19 | Ogorek K, Nowak K, Wadych E, Ruzik L, Timerbaev AR, Matczuk M. Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes? Molecules. 2025;30(1):136. | 2025 | review | PMC11721469 ↗ |
| 20 | Adnan SB, Maarof M, Fauzi MB, Md Fadilah NI. Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 2025;22(16):4175-4200. | 2025 | review | Full text ↗ |